Analysis to Maximise the Efficiency of Anaerobic Digestion
Table of Contents
For the past few decades, waste management has become one of the major challenges across the world. Waste disposal has been strictly regulated by
governments in order to reduce soil, water, and
air pollution caused as a result of landfilling and the direct disposal of wastes to water. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been touted as a means of dealing with organic wastes while, at the same time,
also addressing mankind’s energy needs. The process involves biogas production via the microbial degradation of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen.
AD reduces the bulk of organic matter to be disposed, generates digestate rich in nutrients that can be of agricultural value, and produces
biogas rich in methane which can be used as fuel directly or can be converted to compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
AD has a long history, with the first operational AD system constructed in India in 1897. Currently, there are a number of countries that each have thousands of biogas plants for domestic and commercial purposes.
It is considered that the simplicity of AD, when compared against other biological and thermal technologies for the processing of organic wastes, coupled with its adaptability to a wide spectrum of
feedstocks, that has led to its current scale of adoption. Crop and livestock farmers use AD plants for fuel production, manure management, and fertiliser production, whilst
commercial AD plants can operate with a more diverse set of feedstocks, including municipal solid wastes (MSW) and industrial effluents, and their focus can often
be on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and effluent treatment as well as on energy generation.
There are a number of advantages of using AD processes, however the two most important ones relate to the reduction/treatment of waste and to the
valorisation of feedstocks.
Waste Treatment through AD
Both aerobic and anaerobic digestion degrade the organic matter present in the waste, but aerobic digestion is limited by oxygen supply and utilisation rate by microbes.
The major advantages of the anaerobic process with regards to waste treatment relate to the fact that less sludge is retained after the process compared with aerobic digestion
(so reducing residue treatment costs) and that AD allows for the possibility of higher organic loading rates. In most cases, AD also reduces the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of
the waste stream significantly and it has also been noted that toxic compounds can be converted to their non-toxic forms by the process.
Disposing waste in open landfills can generate intense odours due to the formation of volatile malodorous compounds and can also contaminate the soil, water, and air with pathogens.
AD can be used as a means for odour and pathogen reduction, depending on the operating conditions. It can convert the volatile compounds to methane and
carbon dioxide, however poorly-managed AD facilities can result in the accumulation of volatiles, exacerbating odour problems.
The efficacy of AD in pathogen removal depends on the process conditions and exposure time. Thermophilic digesters are best at removing pathogens from the waste, with mesophilic digestors taking longer
to reduce pathogen levels. However, digesters operating at psychrophilic/ambient conditions may still have pathogens surviving at the end of the process.
There are a number of advantages of using AD processes, however the two most important ones relate to the reduction/treatment of waste and to the valorisation of feedstocks.
Valorisation of Feedstocks through Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas as an Energy Source
AD produces biogas as a result of its degradation of organic matter. Biogas composition is mainly methane (CH4, 50-70%)
and carbon dioxide (CO2, 25-50%), with the remainder being nitrogen (N2),
hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), and traces of
hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and
ammonia (NH3).
These two trace gases are responsible for the odour of the biogas and their concentration
levels depend on nature of the feedstock and process conditions. They can be removed from the biogas using scrubbers with adsorbing or absorbing materials.
The energy content (lower heating value, LHV) of methane is 35.8 MJ/m3, and the LHV of biogas as a whole can range from 21.3 to 23.4 MJ/m3, depending on its methane content. Biogas is commonly used in combined heat and power (CHP) processes to produce heat and electricity. Depending on the digester type and the climate of the region in which the AD facility is located, some or all of the heat produced may be used within the plant to maintain the digester temperature at optimum levels. Biogas can also be upgraded to biomethane for the production of compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG), which have similar energy properties as fossil-fuel natural gas and can be used as transportation fuels. It is estimated that 1172 m3 of methane is equivalent to 1 tonne of oil equivalent.
The energy content (lower heating value, LHV) of methane is 35.8 MJ/m3, and the LHV of biogas as a whole can range from 21.3 to 23.4 MJ/m3, depending on its methane content. Biogas is commonly used in combined heat and power (CHP) processes to produce heat and electricity. Depending on the digester type and the climate of the region in which the AD facility is located, some or all of the heat produced may be used within the plant to maintain the digester temperature at optimum levels. Biogas can also be upgraded to biomethane for the production of compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG), which have similar energy properties as fossil-fuel natural gas and can be used as transportation fuels. It is estimated that 1172 m3 of methane is equivalent to 1 tonne of oil equivalent.
Digestate as a Saleable Product
ADigestate is the residual matter left after the AD process. Nutrients are preserved in the digestate during AD meaning that it can be rich in macronutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as in micronutrients.
Hence, it can have value in being applied to the soil as a fertiliser. Additionally, the fibre in the solid residues of digestate can help to build up the humus content in
the soil which is advantageous for soils of a low carbon content. Digestate can also improve a number of physical parameters of the soil, such as available water capacity,
workability and drainage. In selling the digestate to local farmers as a fertiliser, AD facility operators can increase their revenues from the process,
whilst farmers can at the same time make significant savings in using nutrient rich digestate as opposed to more-costly mineral fertilisers.
The Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association (ADBA) stated that "one tonne of artificial fertiliser replaced with one tonne of biofertilser
saves 1 tonne of oil, 108 tonnes of water and 1 tonne of carbon dioxide emissions".
Digestate also has other potential applications other than as a soil amendment. The fibre from the digestate can be valorised in a wide variety of means,
including uses as animal bedding, in fuel pellets, as a construction material, and as a feedstock for the production of high-value biobased products.
The quality of the biogas and digestate are highly dependent on the balance of the four stages in the AD process, namely:
hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. The biochemical reactions that take place during these four stages are governed by the microbial community in
the AD reactor, with the products and co-products formed at each stage having an effect on prior and subsequent stages. This means that a balanced microbial consortium of
hydrolysing bacteria, acidogenic bacteria, acetogens and methanogens are required in the system. Similarly, the composition of the feedstock, or mixture of feedstocks, in the
AD system, will impact upon the progression and efficiencies of each of the four stages.
In the first stage, hydrolysis, complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are hydrolysed to sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids,
respectively. These monomers are then converted to volatile fatty acids (VFAs), alcohols, and gases in the second stage (acidogenesis). The concentration of VFAs has a significant
effect on methanogenesis and is one of the key process indicators. In the third stage, acetogenesis, acids and alcohols are converted to acetic acid, hydrogen,
carbon dioxide and other gases. In fourth and final stage, methanognesis, hydrogenotrophic methanogens utilise hydrogen and carbon dioxide or formate to produce methane whilst acetoclastic
methanogens produce methane from acetate produced in the second and third stages.
In well-managed AD systems, all four stages are perfectly synchronised, for example with VFAs concentrations kept under control by active methanogenic bacteria.
However, higher rates of acid formation compared to methane production will result in the accumulation of acids over time and lead to digester failure, a
phenomenon known as “acid crash”. This situation generally occurs when there are high concentrations of easily-degradable sugars in the feedstock. Other problems may arise when
there is a lot of nitrogen in the feedstock as this can result in high concentrations of ammonia, which is toxic for methanogens,
being produced in the third stage (acetogenesis).
AD can be used to produce biogas and energy from a variety of organic feedstocks and also as a means of treatment and value-addition for various kinds of waste streams.
The type of feedstock used is of great importance as it will influence the optimal AD process conditions as well as the quality of the biogas and digestate.
AD facilities that rely on a small subset of agricultural residues and energy crops and on-site AD facilities that deal with the outputs of a particular industrial
process tend to have relatively consistent supplies of reasonably homogeneous feedstocks. However, stand-alone AD plants that use feedstocks from a variety of sources tend
to have inconsistent levels of supply as well as heterogeneous feedstock compositions that can cover wide ranges of levels in: complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, sugars, and acids.
Additionally, the storage of feedstock can have a big influence in its conversion in AD processes. Improperly-stored feedstock degrades in the storage area and generates acids and ammonia which
can be toxic for AD above certain concentrations.
The properties of many feedstocks can be improved through pre-treatment prior to AD. This can involve: screening/sorting; size reduction by blending/milling; thermal treatment; and liquifaction, among other processes.
The properties of many feedstocks can be improved through pre-treatment prior to AD. This can involve: screening/sorting; size reduction by blending/milling; thermal treatment; and liquifaction, among other processes.
Analytical Requirements in Evaluating AD Feedstocks
Biomethane Potential
Feedstock analysis is crucial in order to properly evaluate feedstocks for use in AD processes.
Of particular importance is the biomethane potential (BMP).
This laboratory tests involves mixing the organic substrate with an anaerobic inoculum in a closed reactor that is incubated at a set temperature, with the contents mixed,
for a set period of time. During this period the sample is digested and biogas is produced. The volume of biogas is monitored allowing for a cumulative plot of biogas production
over time to be derived. This biogas can then be analysed for its composition, in particular the methane content, to allow the BMP to be determined. The BMP can be
considered to be the experimental
theoretical maximum amount of methane produced from a feedstock.
Other Relevant Analyses
In addition to the BMP, it is important to understand the composition of the organic matter in the feedstock in order to determine optimal process conditions for
its digestion. For example, differentiating between: structural sugars and soluble sugars, total proteins, and total fats will help to understand how the feedstock will progress across the
4 stages of AD. Nitrogen content is also particularly important, in order to balance the C/N ratio and avoid toxic levels of ammonia, and it is
often the case that, based on the results of analysis, the co-digestion of two or more feedstocks may be necessary in order to balance the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) in the AD system.
Other important parameters that should be tested for in a feedstock include toxic compounds such as acids, ammonia, and heavy metals. In the case of waste streams from industries, other specific compounds/intermediates released in trace quantities by the industrial process should also be determined as they can possibly accumulate in the digester with time and might inhibit the AD process.
It should also be considered that the composition of a given feedstock is not necessarily static, it can change according to variations in its supply and production. For example, the compositions of many samples can vary according to the time of year they are harvested/collected as well as depending on their length of time in storage. As a result, samples should be tested, for their composition and BMP, in a variety of conditions, where these may be considered to influence the outputs and course of digestion in AD processes.
Other important parameters that should be tested for in a feedstock include toxic compounds such as acids, ammonia, and heavy metals. In the case of waste streams from industries, other specific compounds/intermediates released in trace quantities by the industrial process should also be determined as they can possibly accumulate in the digester with time and might inhibit the AD process.
It should also be considered that the composition of a given feedstock is not necessarily static, it can change according to variations in its supply and production. For example, the compositions of many samples can vary according to the time of year they are harvested/collected as well as depending on their length of time in storage. As a result, samples should be tested, for their composition and BMP, in a variety of conditions, where these may be considered to influence the outputs and course of digestion in AD processes.
In order to achieve maximal biogas yields from a feedstock, key chemical and physical parameters should be monitored. These can be divided in to process parameters and process indicators.
Process parameters include: quantity and composition of feedstock; total solids (TS); volatile solids (VS); BMP;
NH4-N; organic loading rate (OLR); temperature; pH; mixing; and hydraulic retention time. Key process indicators are:
total biogas yield; biogas composition; volatile fatty acids (VFAs); Alkalinity ratio (FOS/TAC); and redox potential.
The biogas plant operator should routinely check process parameters and indicators. Temperature, pH, biogas composition, and mixing should be checked twice a day, with TS, VS, and organic loading rate monitored once a day.
The biogas plant operator should routinely check process parameters and indicators. Temperature, pH, biogas composition, and mixing should be checked twice a day, with TS, VS, and organic loading rate monitored once a day.
Changes of feedstock type, organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time (HRT, a measure of the average length of time the liquid/soluble compound remains in AD reactor) and
solid retention time (SRT, similar to HRT but for solid compounds) should be undertaken gradually in order to allowing microbes to adapt
to the new conditions. During this shift in conditions, any changes taking place in the biogas composition, pH, and VFAs concentration should be
closely and frequently monitored in order to predict and pre-empt failures in the AD process. The VFAs and alkalinity ratio for a stable digester should be tested twice a month. However, more frequent testing
is warranted in cases where digester instability results from changes in feedstock type and supply.
The efficiency of the AD process can be tested by performing simple mass balances based on the composition of the feedstock and its
volatile solids content coupled with the same set of analyses on the digestate. An efficient biogas plant will maximise the digestion
of organic matter and its conversion to methane, resulting in minimal amounts of organic material in the digestate. However, in many cases
AD facilities do not fully digest the feedstock, typically as a result of high organic loading rates and low hydraulic retention times.
It is often warranted that the digestate is tested for its residual biogas potential (RBP) in order to determine how efficiently the
feedstock has been digested. The RBP is a lab-based test, based on the BMP test, that takes digestate as the starting material and
determines how much biogas can be produced from its digestion in controlled conditions. Any biogas and biomethane
produced in the RBP tests can be considered to be lost potential yields from the previous digestion of the sample in the AD system.
AD efficiencies can also be reduced when organic matter is converted to carbon dioxide rather than methane.
This phenomenon can be avoided by increasing the concentration of methanogens in the AD reactor either by augmenting with a
high-methane producing inoculum source or by providing feedstock and process conditions that can enrich methanogens concentrations.
Co-digestion with nutrient and pH complimenting feedstocks is one of the several ways to improve the process efficiency. However, the fine-tuning
of the co-feed ratio of different feedstocks for co-digestion, organic loading rate, and hydraulic retention time optimisation will be
dependent on the particular feedstocks being considered. The figure below shows the percentage of methane in the biogas and how it varies according to the
relative proportions by which fruit waste is co-fed with two different feedstocks (anatomicals from slaughter house waste and blood). It can be seen that
the optimum ratio varies substantially according to which co-feed feedstock is used.
Other approaches to improve process efficiencies and yields include: the use of chemical agents to balance nutrients and pH; allowing for an adaptation of the microbial inoculum to the unfavourable process conditions (e.g. via a long start-up phase); and the supplementation of enzymes to increase reaction rates.
Other approaches to improve process efficiencies and yields include: the use of chemical agents to balance nutrients and pH; allowing for an adaptation of the microbial inoculum to the unfavourable process conditions (e.g. via a long start-up phase); and the supplementation of enzymes to increase reaction rates.
The digestate output from anaerobic digestion contains high volumes of water and can be treated by a variety of methods including: drying,
ammonia stripping and drying, biological treatment, and reverse osmosis. The liquid and solids fractions of the digestate can be separated in a
number of ways, but typically mechanical separation is used. The separated solids can be either composted or dried and pelletised, although composting is not
necessary if the final application of the digestate is for land-spreading.
Before using digestate for any applications, it should be tested for fibre content, fibre composition,
chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD),
NH4-N, nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK),
micronutrients, trace elements, heavy metals, microbial load and pathogens.
Celignis is an analytical laboratory focused on the bioeconomy. We have developed a strong reputation for detailed and accurate analysis of lignocellulosic biomass
and of the intermediates and outputs of biorefining processes, having analysed thousands of samples in this sector.
We have recently expanded our suite of analysis packages to cover properties relevant to the anaerobic digestion sector. These methods are based on the expertise of new employee
Lalitha Gotttumukkala who has worked for several years on determining properties relevant for AD and on optimising AD processes.
With the user-friendly online Celignis Database you can monitor the results from our analyses even while the analysis is still ongoing.
Our team of experts are also just a call/email away to discuss your results and provide advice.
Listed below are some of the analytical services we provide for evaluating AD feedstocks and processes:
Listed below are some of the analytical services we provide for evaluating AD feedstocks and processes:
Stoichiometric Methane Potential (SMP)
The maxmium theoretical methane potential possible from a given feedstock would be attained under conditions where all of the organic material of the
sample was converted to biogas, with no residual digestate produced. We calculate this stoichiometric methane potential (SMP) using the Buswell Equation which uses the
stoichiometric ratio of the products methane, carbon dioxide, ammmonia and
hydrogen sulphide under the assumption that these are the only products from the complete breakdown of
biomass of chemical composition of CHONS. The SMP is determined whenever analysis packages that involve the ultimate analysis (CHNS and ash) of a sample are undertaken.
Biomethane Potential (SMP)
Of course, the actual biomethane outputs of anaerobic digestion will always be less than the theoretical maximum calculated
by the SMP as some of the biomass will be converted into microbial matter and also because it is unlikely that all of the
organic matter (e.g. the lignin) will be fully converted. We therefore recommend that the biomethane potential (BMP) test is undertaken
in order to get a better approximation of yields from a real AD system. We have FOUR Anaero BMP systems that allow us to digest your samples and
determine the biogas yield over the course of the digestion which can last for 14, 21, 18, or 40 days. Our BMP analysis packages also determine the
total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) contents of the sample and also involve periodic analyses of the
composition of the biogas (for methane,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, oxygen, and ammonia)
using the Biogas 5000 portable gas analyser.
AD Feedstock Analysis
Our analysis package P93 - Feedstock Chemical and Biological Analysis covers the important chemical and biological properties of the feedstock.
Analytes that we determine include: Total Solids, Volatile Solids , pH,
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus,
Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen and Sulphur.
Digestate Analysis
Analysis package P94 - Digestate Chemical and Biological Analysis covers the same analytes as the AD Feedstock Analysis Package (P93)
but for the digestate. We also have Deluxe versions of our BMP analysis packages that include all of the analytes in our
AD Feedstock and Digestate Analysis packages.
Residual Biogas Potential
We can also undertake residual biogas potential (RBP) analysis on the digestate from AD facilities in order to determine the BMP and biogas yields from this residue. This test can be undertaken for 14 or 21 days and the Deluxe version of these analysis packages also includes all analytes listed in the Digestate Analysis package.Detailed Compositional Analysis of the Feedstock and Digestate
Using our expertise in the lignocellulosic analysis of biomass samples, we can offer an even more comprehensive profile of the chemical
composition of both the feedstock and digestate. Under analysis package P10 we can determine the amount of
extractives, lignin (Klason and acid soluble), ash,
and lignocellulosic sugars (glucan, xylan, mannan, arabinan,
galactan, and rhamnan) in the feedstock and digestate. Analysis package
P12 can analyse the water extractives for soluble sugars, package P14 can
determine the starch content of samples, and package P15 can quantify the amounts of five different uronic acids
that are present. When such detailed analysis is undertaken on both the feedstock and the digestate (whether from the AD facility itself
or from our BMP tests) it is possible to get a detailed picture regarding how each of the main biogenic polymers (cellulose,
hemicellulose, lignin, and starch) are digested in the AD process.
These observations can lead to process improvements targeted at maximizing biogas yields
from components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch) that should be digested in efficiently-operating AD systems.
Special Offer
Analysis Packages
P8 : Lignin Content
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
P19 : Deluxe Lignocellulose Package
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid,
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid,
P121 : Evaluation of Biomass for Enzymatic Digestibility
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
P122 : Evaluation of Pre-Treatment on Enzymatic Digestibility
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
P123 : Composition of Residue from Enzymatic Hydrolysis
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
P124 : Fermentation Inhibitors in Enzymatic Hydrolysate
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
P125 : Cellulase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
P126 : Xylanase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
P127 : Amylase Saccharification Efficiency
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
P12 : Sugars in Solvent Extract
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
P22 : Organic Acids and Furans
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
P24 : Dimers and Trimers from Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
P71 : Seaweed Carbohydrates
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid,
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid,
P72 : Seaweed Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine,
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P150 : Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P81 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P93 : Feedstock Chemical and Biological Analysis
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
P61 : Sugars in Bio-Oil Water Extract
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
P63 : Semi-Volatile Oxygenated Components in Bio-Oil
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
P360 : Specific Surface Area (5-Point BET)
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
P364 : Pore-Size Distribution
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Carbon Dioxide), Pore Volume, Pore Size Distribution,
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Carbon Dioxide), Pore Volume, Pore Size Distribution,
P366 : Pore Size Distribution Deluxe
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume, Pore Size Distribution,
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume, Pore Size Distribution,
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P393 : Biochar Thermal Properties Deluxe
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P394 : Biochar Thermal Properties Ultimate
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P384 : Biochar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
P388 : Biochar Plant Growth Trials
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
P397 : Biochar Soil Amendment Ultimate
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
P399 : Biochar Complete Evaluation Package
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P40 : Combustion Package
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
P41 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Oxidising Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
News
Aug 31st 2022
Employee Spotlight - Piotr
Aug 17th 2022
New Article on Biochar Analysis
Read about the wide variety of analysis packages we have for biochar
Click here to read about the different analysis packages that Celignis offers for the evaluation on biochars. These analyses cover properties relevant to a wide variety of applications, including soil amendment, carbon sequestration, bioenergy, and biomaterials.
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Aug 1st 2022
Special Offer on TGA Analysis
For a short period we are offering two TGA analyses for the price of one!
To celebrate the arrival of our thermogravimetric (TGA) equipment, we are offering, for a limited time period, two TGA analyses for the price of one. Click here to read more about TGA analyses at Celignis and to see the various packages on offer.
To avail of this special offer please mention the code (TGA-AUGUST) in an email or when placing an order via the Celignis Database.
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Jun 29th 2022
Short Video by Lalitha on EnXylaScope
This 5 minute presentation was given at the recent IBioIC conference
Celignis recently exhibited at IBioiC's annual conference, held in Glasgow on June 6-7.
During that event Lalitha, Celignis's CIO, gave a short 5 minute presentation on the EnXylaScope collaborative EU research project that Celignis is involved in.
You can view the presentation below or here on YouTube.
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Jun 22nd 2022
CBE-JU Call Opens - See our Pitches for Proposals
We detail the important contributions that Celignis can make in the 2022 topics
Today the Circular Bio-based Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE-JU) released their
annual work programme and budget for 2022. There is an indicative budget of 120 million Euros which
will fund a total of 12 topics, comprising 5 Research and Innovation Actions (RIAs), 1 Coordinating and Supporting Action (CSA), 4 Demonstration-Scale projects, and 2 Flagships.
Celignis is a partner in 3 ongoing CBE projects: UNRAVEL
and PERFECOAT are RIA (Research and Innovation Action) projects, whilst VAMOS is an Innovation Action project.
Additionally, Celignis was a partner in the BIOrescue RIA project which was completed in 2019.
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