Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Lignocellulose Hydrolysis
Lignocellulosic biomass, primarily comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is an abundant and renewable resource that holds great promise as a source of biofuels and renewable biobased chemicals and biomaterials. Lignocellulosic biomass can be processed in a number of ways, one is through the hydrolysis of the structural polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) into their constituent sugars, a reaction commonly facilitated by acid or enzymes, followed by the fermentation of these sugars by yeast or other microorganisms.Click below to read more about the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.
Get more info...Biomass Hydrolysis
Acid Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis of lignocellulose can be catalysed with acids. These can be used in either dilute or concentrated forms, with each approach having its own advantages and disadvantages.Different process intensities are required for the hydrolysis of cellulose versus hemicellulose. The more intense conditions required for cellulose hydrolysis may degrade the sugars hydrolysed from hemicellulose (to products such as furfural and formic acid)
Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis
Dilute-Acid Process
Dilute-acid hydrolysis involves the use of acids, in relatively low concentrations, to catalyse the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The approach is often used as a pretreatment to hydrolyse hemicellulose, leaving the cellulose and much of the lignin in the solid which can then be subjected to further hydrolysis. This subsequent hydrolysis can be using enzymes or it can again use dilute-acid, but under more severe process conditions. Click here to read more about the use of dilute-acid in biomass pretreatment. The rest of this page focuses on the use of dilute acids for the more extensive hydrolysis of biomass, including cellulose.Sugar Degradation Products
It can be possible for the production of the monosaccharide to not be the end-point of the dilute-acid process. Some sugars may be further degraded to a variety of different products. For example, furfural can result from the acid-catalysed degradation of pentose (5-carbon) sugars (such as xylose) hydrolysed from hemicellulose. Hydroxymethylfurfural and, with further degradation, levulinic acid and acetic acid, can result from the acid-catalysed degradation of hexose (6-carbon) sugars, such as cellulose-derived glucose.The array of potential sugar degradation products is diverse and complex, and they can also polymerise to give solid residues, often referred to as humins. Additionally, if proteins are present in the feedstock then these can favour the formation of sugars degradation products due to their reactions with carbohydrates under acidic conditions and/or high temperature conditions, under a mechanism known as the Maillard reaction.
The formation of sugar-degradation products is important since they can often be inhibitory to fermentation or can otherwise complicate subsequent downstream processing methods. Click below to read more about the different types of sugar-dergadation products and their analysis.
Get more info...Sugars Degradation Products
Effect of Process Conditions
The efficiency and output of dilute acid hydrolysis are heavily influenced by several key process variables, detailed below:- Acid Type - Different types of acids can be used for the hydrolysis process. The most commonly used are sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), but others like nitric acid (HNO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) can also be employed. The acid type affects the efficiency of hydrolysis, sugar degradation, and the generation of inhibitory by-products. Sulphuric acid is often preferred due to its strong acidity and relatively low volatility. However, sulphuric acid can lead to the formation of sulfate ions that can potentially interfere with subsequent fermentation.
- Acid Concentration - Acid concentration is one of the most critical factors influencing the hydrolysis rate. Typically, a higher acid concentration accelerates hydrolysis, leading to more rapid breakdown of cellulose and/or hemicellulose, and consequently higher sugar yields. However, excessive acid concentrations can lead to the degradation of sugars into undesirable and inhibitory by-products like furfural and hdroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Additionally, higher acid concentrations increase the corrosiveness of the solution, necessitating more robust and expensive materials for the reactor and associated equipment.
- Temperature - The reaction temperature is another crucial variable in the process. Higher temperatures accelerate the hydrolysis reaction, increasing the rate of sugar release. However, as with acid concentration, an overly high temperature can cause sugar degradation and the production of inhibitory by-products. It can also increase the risk of equipment failure due to the added thermal stress.
- Reaction Time - Reaction time is directly tied to the degree of hydrolysis. Longer reaction times generally increase the yield of monomeric sugars as more cellulose and/or hemicellulose are broken down. However, prolonged exposure to acidic conditions can also increase the degradation of sugars into inhibitory by-products. Thus, it is essential to optimise the reaction time to maximize sugar yield and minimize by-product formation.
Hemicellulose vs. Cellulose
Given that the hydrolysis of hemicellulose requires much less severe process conditions than the hydrolysis of cellulose, and also given that the sugars liberated from hemicellulose are highly susceptible to further conversion to an array of different sugar degradation products, dilute-acid hydrolysis technologies focused on the use of dilute-acid to hydrolyse both polysaccharides tend to involve two stages.The first stage focuses on the dilute-acid catalysed hydrolysis of hemicellulose. This can also be considered to be a dilute-acid pretreatment of the feedstock. This stage involves moderate conditions (e.g. a temperature of 140-180oC).
In the second stage the temperatures are raised (typically to around 200–240oC) to facilitate the hydrolysis of cellulose and recovery of six carbon sugars.
Processing Beyond Sugars
It can be difficult to stop dilute-acid hydrolysis at the production of monomeric sugars. Additionally, sometimes the resulting hydrolysate can be challenging for subsequent fermentation due to the presence of fermentation inhibitors arising from the degradation of these sugars.An alternative objective for dilute-acid hydrolysis technologies can be the targeted production of selected sugar degradation products in high yields. Certain such products (e.g furfural from xylose, HMF and levulinic acid from hexoses) are valuable platform chemicals which can have higher market values than some products of sugar fermentation (e.g. bioethanol). Additionally, following this route would allow for an entirely chemical process that does not require any biological processing. However, there are challenges associated with this approach. For example, careful process control is required to ensure that the desired chemicals are obtained in high yields and that they do not further degrade into undesirable compounds such as humins.
Celignis personnel have prior experience in the optimisation of process conditions targeting furfural and levulinic acid as a result of their participation in an EU-funded collaborative research project (DIBANET) on their production from European and Latin American feedstocks.
Advantages
- Effectiveness - One of the primary benefits of dilute acid hydrolysis is its effectiveness, particularly in hemicellulose degradation. Acid hydrolysis breaks down the hemicellulose component of biomass into monomeric sugars very efficiently, and these can then be further processed into biofuels or other value-added products.
- Speed - Acid hydrolysis is a relatively quick process, often taking only a few minutes to a few hours, depending on the process conditions and the nature of the biomass. This rapid conversion is a significant advantage over enzymatic hydrolysis, which can take days to achieve comparable conversion levels.
- Simplicity and Cost - Dilute acid hydrolysis is a relatively straightforward process, requiring less specialized equipment than some other hydrolysis methods. The acids used (commonly sulphuric acid) are inexpensive and readily available.
- Flexibility - The process is flexible and can be adapted to various types of lignocellulosic biomass, including agricultural residues, hardwoods, softwoods, and herbaceous plants.
- Scalability - Dilute acid hydrolysis is readily scalable. It has been successfully implemented at industrial scales, which is not the case for many alternative hydrolysis methods.
- Pre-treatment Effects - The use of dilute acid not only hydrolyzes hemicellulose but also acts as a pretreatment by disrupting the lignin structure. This pretreatment can enhance the subsequent hydrolysis of cellulose, whether it is done using acid or enzymes.
- Opportunity for Different Products - Where the dilute-acid process targets the further degradation of the liberated sugars, it can allow for the production of a range of different final products (e.g. furfural and levulinic acid) not possible via other routes.
- Non-Biological Process - The process avoids the use of biological steps and can allow for a fully non-biological bioprocess where the final products are not used for subsequent fermentation.
Disadvantages
- Byproduct Formation - During dilute-acid hydrolysis, the released sugars can degrade into inhibitory compounds like furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) under the acidic conditions. These compounds can inhibit the subsequent fermentation process, thus reducing the yield of the desired products. Also, the acids can cause the release of lignin and other phenolic compounds that are inhibitory to both hydrolytic enzymes and fermenting microorganisms.
- Incomplete Cellulose Hydrolysis - While dilute-acid hydrolysis effectively degrades hemicellulose, it is often less effective at hydrolysing cellulose. Achieving a high level of cellulose hydrolysis may require more severe conditions, which could lead to an increase in sugar degradation and the formation of inhibitory compounds.
- Corrosiveness - The use of acids, even in dilute form, adds a significant challenge in terms of equipment corrosion. Acid-resistant materials are needed for the reactors and other process equipment, increasing the capital and maintenance costs.
- Environmental Concerns - The acid used in the process and the produced wastewater are environmental concerns. The acid needs to be neutralized after the hydrolysis, and the wastewater may require significant treatment before disposal due to its acidity and the presence of organic compounds.
- Energy Consumption - The process typically requires high temperatures and pressures, leading to higher energy consumption than lower-severity processes such as enzymatic hydrolysis.
- Sugar Recovery - The process can be complicated by difficulties in sugar recovery due to the production of soluble oligosaccharides that may not be readily fermentable. Additionally, the sugars are in a dilute solution after hydrolysis, which can complicate their recovery and increase the costs of downstream processing.
At Celignis, we have the expertise and infrastructure
to work on projects involving the dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.
Developing a fully-integrated process, starting with the original
feedstock, involves a number of different steps, outlined below. We can work on projects
where all these steps are undertaken or we can focus on the optimisation of a particular stage in the process.
This approach is particularly relevant where our clients already have an
existing technology and are looking for optimising the process at particular nodes.
For example, we can work on the optimisation of the dilute-acid hydrolysis of cellulose using
your already-pretreated biomass.
1. Understanding Your Requirements
Prior to undertaking bioprocess projects we learn from our clients what their targets are from the process as well as whether there are any restrictions or requirements that may need to form the boundaries of the work that we undertake. These help to guide us to then prepare a potential bioprocess development project.
2. Detailed Feedstock Analysis
In cases where you have already selected a feedstock for the bioprocess, we would then undertake a detailed compositional analysis (P10 or, ideally, P19) of representative samples of that feedstock.
In cases where the feedstock has not yet been selected we can review your list of candidate feedstocks, selecting top candidates based on our prior experience in their analysis and bioprocessing. If you do not have a list of candidate feedstocks then we can provide one, based on your location and the requirements outlined in Stage 1. We would then analyse in detail these priority feedstocks and come to a decision, based on the compositional data and other relevant factors (e.g. price, supply, consistency etc.) on a selected feedstock for the project.
At this point of the project, the Celignis Bioprocess team typically meet to discuss and prepare a project proposal for the development of a dilute-acid hydrolysis bioprocess from this feedstock. After this proposal is reviewed by the client, and revised if needed, we are then ready to start work on the next stages.
3. Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
Given the different process severities required for hemicellulose and cellulose hydrolysis, it is likely that the first stage of the process will be focused on optimising conditions for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Hence, this stage of the project will involve undertaking a number of dilute-acid hydrolysis experiments, covering a variety of process conditions, targeting the desired products of hemicellulose hydrolysis (whether they be monomers or their subsequent degradation products, e.g. furfural). We follow a scientifically-based Design of Experiments (DoE) protocol where the criteria and boundaries for this DoE are formulated in close collaboration with our clients, considering the chemistry of the feedstock(s) and our understandings of the mechanisms of biomass hydrolysis.
For each experiment we analyse the solid and liquid outputs of the process, leading to a detailed data-set where effects of process conditions on the yield and composition of the various streams can be explored and mapped. We usually recommend that these initial optimisation experiments are undertaken at the lab-scale (around TRL3) in order to reduce costs and the length of the project.
We can also undertake a second iteration of lab-scale experiments in order to fine-tune the conditions based on the knowledge gained in the initial experiments.
For this step in the bioprocess it may also be necessary, depending on the composition of the feedstock, to undertake a prior step where the extractives are removed. This is because extractives may negatively interfere with the mechanisms of acid-catalysed hydrolysis of hemicellulose, leading to lower yields of the targeted products and the formation of more unwanted byproducts. Click here to read more about bioprocess development for the removal of extractives from biomass.
4. Cellulose Hydrolysis
This stage of the bioprocess will be focused on the dilute-acid catalysed hydrolysis of the solid residue obtained from Stage 3. As in that stage, this work will involve evaluating the effects of varying a number of different process conditions (e.g. solid-loading, acid-type, acid concentration, temperature, reaction times, mixing) via a detailed DoE being undertaken. This work will allow these conditions to be narrowed down in order that the objectives of the hydrolysis, outlined in Stage 1, can be met.
It is likely that the solid residue being processed in this Stage will mostly be composed of cellulose and the parts of lignin that were not released into the liquid phase in Stage 2. There may also be small amounts of residual unhydrolysed hemicellulose in the solid residue. The targets of the hydrolysis of this residue can either be the effective hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose, or the further acid-catalysed degradation of this sugar to products such as HMF, levulinic acid, and formic acid. If glucose, as a substrate for subsequent fermentation, is the target then a major objective of this Stage would also be a minimisation of the production of compounds that could inhibit this fermentation.
As with Stage 3, it is recommended that the optimisation experiments in Stage 4 are undertaken at the lab-scale in order to accelerate the outputs and reduce project costs.
This stage usually follows Stage 3, however it is possible that there can be some overlap in order to reach the final project outputs more quickly.
5. Downstream Processing
Depending on the outputs of the prior stages, there may need be further downstream steps required in order to achieve the final products. For example, if the final targeted product from cellulose is bioethanol, then this Stage of the bioprocess development can look at utilising the dilute-acid hydrolysate from Stage 4 as a substrate for fermentation. It may be found, based on the analytical data obtained in Stage 4, that the hydrolysate needs to be further-treated (e.g. acids neutralised and fermentation inhibitors removed) before the main fermentation step. Hence, our work in this Stage would focus on optimising the hydrolysate for fermentation and also on optimising the fermentation process itself. Once again, this work would involve a carefully formulated DoE with the experiments undertaken at the lab-scale level.
This Stage can also examine routes for valorising the liquid output stream from Stage 3 (i.e. the hydrolysate from the dilute-acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose).
It is possible for this Stage to run alongside Stage 4.
6. Product Recovery
Based on the outputs of the prior lab-scale Stages we can optimise the methods employed for separating and purifying the target products from the liquid phases.
It is possible for this Stage to run alongside Stage 5.
7. Valorisation of Remaining Biomass
Where dilute-acid hydrolysis is employed for both the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, the remaining solid biomass after the cellulose-hydrolysis step (Stage 4) is likely to contain much of the lignin as well as unhydrolysed cellulose and any humin products that may have been formed along the way.
We can undertake a number of different analyses and experiments to determine the best route for valorising this residue. For example, we can evaluate its suitability for combustion.
8. Validation at Higher TRLs
Once we have concluded our optimisation of the dilute-acid hydrolysis process conditions at the lab-scale we can then test those conditions at higher technology readiness levels (TRLs). The scales at which we can operate are dependent on the type of technology employed, but can reach up to 100 litres.
We have all of the necessary downstream equipment to efficiently handle the solid and liquid streams arising from these scaled-up activities.
If we find that there are differences between the yield and compositions of the different streams, compared with our lab-scale experiments, then we can explore the potential reasons for these and work on final tweaks to optimise the bioprocess for higher TRLs.
9. Technoeconomic Analysis (TEA)
The Celignis team, including Oscar our chief TEA expert, can undertake a detailed technoeconomic analysis of the developed process. We apply accurate and realistic costing models to determine the CAPEX and OPEX of simulated and pilot scale processes which are then used to determine key economic indicators such as IRR, NPV and payback periods.
Within these TEAs we can undertake sensitivity analyses to assess the effect of variable costs and revenues on the commercial viability of the process.
Our preferred approach is to include TEA studies at each stage of the development of the bioprocess, so that the process can be optimised in a commercially-relevant way, followed by a more detailed TEA after the process has been optimised and tested at higher TRL levels.
Click here to read more about the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) services offered by Celignis.
With regards to the development and optimisation of dilute-acid hydrolysis processes, the
Celignis Bioprocess team members with the most experience in undertaking such projects are listed below.
Feel free to contact them to discuss potential projects.
Lalitha Gottumukkala
Founder of Celignis Bioprocess, CIO of Celignis
PhD
Has a deep understanding of all biological and chemical aspects of bioproceses. Has developed Celignis into a renowned provider of bioprocess development services to a global network of clients.
Oscar Bedzo
Bioprocess Project Manager & Technoeconomic Analysis Lead
PhD
A dynamic, purpose-driven chemical engineer with expertise in bioprocess development, process design, simulation and techno-economic analysis over several years in the bioeconomy sector.
Dan Hayes
Celignis CEO And Founder
PhD (Analytical Chemistry)
Dreamer and achiever. Took Celignis from a concept in a research project to being the bioeconomy's premier provider of analytical and bioprocessing expertise.
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Analysis Packages
P8 : Lignin Content
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
P19 : Deluxe Lignocellulose Package
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P121 : Evaluation of Biomass for Enzymatic Digestibility
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
P122 : Evaluation of Pre-Treatment on Enzymatic Digestibility
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
P123 : Composition of Residue from Enzymatic Hydrolysis
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
P124 : Fermentation Inhibitors in Enzymatic Hydrolysate
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
P125 : Cellulase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
P126 : Xylanase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
P127 : Amylase Saccharification Efficiency
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
P12 : Sugars in Solvent Extract
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
P22 : Organic Acids and Furans
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
P24 : Dimers and Trimers from Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
P29 : Oligomers from Starch Hydrolysis
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P71 : Seaweed Carbohydrates
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P72 : Seaweed Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine,
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P73 : Seaweed Lipids as Fatty Acids
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
P74 : Pigments in Seaweed
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P150 : Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P81 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P93 : Feedstock Chemical and Biological Analysis
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
P95 : Residual Biogas Potential - 14 Days
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P222 : Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Speciation
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
P61 : Sugars in Bio-Oil Water Extract
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
P63 : Semi-Volatile Oxygenated Components in Bio-Oil
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
P360 : Specific Surface Area (5-Point BET)
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
P364 : Pore-Size Distribution
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P366 : Pore Size Distribution Deluxe
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P393 : Biochar Thermal Properties Deluxe
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P394 : Biochar Thermal Properties Ultimate
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P384 : Biochar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
P388 : Biochar Plant Growth Trials
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
P397 : Biochar Soil Amendment Ultimate
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
P399 : Biochar Complete Evaluation Package
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P40 : Combustion Package
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
P41 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Oxidising Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
News
Jan 24th 2024
€1.5m Funding Success in CBE-JU
Celignis is a Partner in 3 Successful Proposals for EU Funding
We are pleased to announce that three of the proposals involving Celignis, submitted to the CBE-JU programme for funding collaborative biomass research in Europe, were successful. These projects will provide an additional funding of €1.5m to Celignis and build on our achievements in other CBE and EU projects. In particular, the projects are all at enhanced TRLs (6/7) and will use our existing Celignis Bioprocess infrastructure and will also fund further development of our bioprocessing capacities and the Bioprocess Development Services we offer our clients.
Details on the funded projects are provided below:
BIONEER - This project was funded under CBE-JU topic IA-06 and focuses on the TRL 6/7 production of biobased platform chemicals. Celignis's activities in the project focus on scaling up the work undertaken in our ongoing
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Jan 23rd 2024
Celignis to Exhibit and Present at Major Biochar Event
The 2024 North American Biochar Conference will take place in Sacramento, California, on Feb 12-15
On Feb 12-15 we'll be exhibiting at the 2024 North American Biochar Conference, taking place at the SAFE Credit Union Convention Centre in Sacramento, California.
We're looking forward to interacting with the 1000+ expected attendees, outlining our extensive range of analytical and application testing services for biochar.
Celignis CIO Lalitha Gottumukkala will also be a member of the expert panel focused on developing improved laboratory methods for biochar characterisation.
Click here to register for the event.
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Jan 22nd 2024
Celignis Attending BIC Event on Feb 8
This Networking Event Will Involve Discussions on Collaborations for Proposals to the 2024 CBE-JU Topics
The Circular Bioeconomy Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE-JU) is an organisation that funds biomass research in Europe at various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Since 2016 Celignis has been an active participant in a number of projects funded by the CBE-JU.
The Biobased Industries Consortium (BIC) is the steering committee that helps to steer the focus of research for the CBE-JU programme. In 2023 Celignis joined the BIC as a Full Industry Member and participated in several proposals submitted for different research topics in the CBE-JU's 2023 Work Programme.
On Feb 8th Celignis's Dan Hayes, Lalitha Gottumukkala, and Oscar Bedzo will be attending a BIC networking event in Brussels where we will discuss potential collaborations in the research programme topics recently announced for 2024.
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Jan 19th 2024
We're Hiring - Business Administration & Client Relationship Manager
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships.
Situated in Limerick, Ireland, Celignis currently operates at two centres, Celignis Analytical and Celignis Bioprocess, actively engaging in a variety of private and public bioeconomy projects. As we continue to expand, we're looking to strengthen our team of 14 with a Business Administration and Client Relationship Manager who can bring a blend of enthusiasm and expertise.
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships, and ensuring successful delivery of our services, playing a key role in our ongoing growth and success.
Click here for more details about the position.
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Apr 30th 2023
Celignis to Sponsor and Present at Major Biochar Event
The event takes place on May 3rd at Carrick-on-Shannon
We are pleased to announce that, on May 3rd, Celignis will be presenting and exhibiting at the National Biochar and Carbon Products Conference 2023, which is taking place in Carrick-on-Shannon in County Leitrm, Ireland.
This conference is being organised under the auspices of the Interreg Northwest Europe-funded THREE C Project, entitled 'Creating and sustaining Charcoal value chains to promote a Circular Carbon economy in NWE Europe'.
The conference will highlight both Irish stakeholders who are currently working in the biochar and carbon products sector, but also partners from the THREE C project (covering Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, France and Wales, as well as Ireland) who have interesting stories and products to share.
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